Windward: Q1 2026 Risk Report: Shipping’s Most Turbulent Quarter in 50 Years in International Shipping News 22/04/2026 On February 28, the Iran war effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz. Within days, daily traffic through the world’s most critical oil chokepoint collapsed from roughly 120 vessels to a trickle — a 97% drop that left more than 800 ships stranded west of the strait, thousands of seafarers in limbo, and Asian refiners scrambling for crude that could no longer reach them. It was not the only shock. The quarter opened with the capture of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro, the culmination of a six-week U.S. naval blockade designed to choke off sanctioned oil exports. Within weeks, Washington controlled PDVSA, Venezuelan crude was being redirected to U.S. and European buyers under new licenses, and the blockade had extended to Cuba, where the loss of Venezuelan oil imports plunged the island into rolling blackouts. Between these two crises, the machinery of global shipping was tested as it has not been in a generation: enforcement agencies moved faster, shadow fleet operators moved faster still, and the gap between U.S. and European sanctions policy widened. What follows is the quarter in numbers, and what those numbers suggest about the rest of 2026. From Venezuela to Cuba: Blockades Expand The quarter began with the capture of Venezuela’s president, Nicolás Maduro, following a six-week U.S. blockade aimed at preventing Western-sanctioned tankers from exporting the country’s oil. Choking off revenues not only drove regime change but also led to U.S. control of the national oil company, PDVSA. Licenses quickly redirected Venezuela’s crude exports to new markets, including the U.S., Europe, and India, by the quarter’s close. The blockade then extended to Cuba, cutting off critical oil imports needed for electricity generation and leading to widespread blackouts. Enforcement Escalates: Interdictions and Legal Precedents The blockade drove a global record in vessel interdictions targeting stateless and falsely flagged shadow fleet tankers. Stateless tankers that evaded the Venezuelan blockade were tracked and detained across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in January. In doing so, the U.S. demonstrated to EU governments a legal template for addressing Russia’s sanctions-circumventing fleet operating in their coastal waters. The UK, France, Sweden, and Belgium all detained tankers during the quarter. Thirteen ships were boarded and detained, up 160% from the prior quarter, accounting for half of all interdictions seen across 2025 and 2026. Of these, 92% were sanctioned and 85% falsely flagged. By April, the interdiction window had nearly closed, as stateless tankers rapidly reflagged to legitimate registries, ending their immediate legal vulnerability. The Rise of Fraudulent Registries False flagging remains one of shipping’s most pressing regulatory concerns. Some 290 internationally trading tankers were broadcasting fraudulent registry flags as Q1 closed, broadly in line with the 285 identified in Q4 2025. Windward identified 20 fraudulent registries, as defined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 88% of vessels using fraudulent registries were Western-sanctioned, underscoring the mounting pressure on dark fleet operators to secure regulatory cover. The most frequently used fraudulent registry was the Netherlands Antilles (52 vessels), followed by Guyana (43), Guinea (28), and Madagascar (24). Two new registries