Marine Fuel Availability: FONAR Friend? Wider Impacts of the Persian Gulf Conflict: Seaworthiness, Contractual Risk and Regulatory Compliance. Articles Edward Barnes, David Griffiths, Gilmark D'Mello Published: April 14, 2026 Contact author Download article pdf Executive Summary The continuing fragility of the security situation in the Middle East has materially disrupted global energy and marine fuel supply chains. As a vital energy corridor, disruption to the Strait of Hormuz has already resulted in vessel congestion, sharp increases in marine fuel prices, and growing concerns among Owners and Charterers regarding the physical availability of compliant marine fuels. In this context, this article examines a number of recurring questions raised by Members since the outbreak of the Conflict, focusing on the following key operational, contractual, and regulatory risk areas: Seaworthiness and due diligence: Where marine fuel scarcity is foreseeable, inadequate voyage planning and bunkering arrangements may expose Owners to allegations of unseaworthiness on delivery or at the commencement of a voyage. Charterparty risk allocation: Disputes may arise as to which party bears responsibility for procuring compliant marine fuel, the availability of contractually nominated fuels, and what alternative procurement measures were reasonable in the prevailing circumstances. Fuel Oil Non-Availability Reports (FONARs): FONARs remain a measure of last resort under MARPOL Annex VI and are only appropriate where compliant fuel is physically unobtainable despite all reasonable efforts. High prices or commercial inconvenience alone do not justify their use, and misuse can lead to Port State Control sanctions. Deviation and operational adjustments: Decisions to deviate from customary routes, reduce speed, or alter voyage plans in order to obtain or conserve fuel must be carefully assessed against charterparty obligations and applicable liberty clauses. Unreasonable deviation may also carr