Carbon Capture and the Risk of LCO₂ Shipping Introduction Carbon capture technology goes back as far as the 1920s or 1930s when solvents were used in an adsorption process to separate CO 2 out from natural gas. This was to make the gas fit for commercial use as CO 2 forms carbonic acid when it meets water and the acid would have damaged pipelines and processing equipment. A high CO 2 content in the gas also reduces the heating value (energy content) of the gas. Then, in the 1970s, in a procedure known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), CO 2  recovered from oil and gas production started being injected into depleted oil and gas reservoirs to re-pressurise these reservoirs, enabling more oil and gas to be extracted from the reservoirs.  This same injection technology is now being employed as a climate change solution to store CO 2 permanently in identified suitable reservoirs ashore and offshore.  The Sleipner project in Norway launched in 1996 was the first large-scale dedicated geological storage site for CO 2 captured from the processing of natural gas.    Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a suite of technologies that has recently been gaining momentum as a climate change solution.  CCUS projects CCUS is particularly useful for removing CO 2 emissions from hard-to-abate industries such as cement, steel, chemical, power plants   and during   the production of blue hydrogen, before these emissions enter the atmosphere. The captured CO₂ is compressed and condensed until it turns into liquefied CO 2  (LCO₂), a colourless liquid. The LCO₂ can then be permanently stored deep underground in reservoirs or saline aquifers or used as raw material to produce concrete, fuels, fertilisers and chemicals.  The US currently has the highest number of CCUS plants but the largest plant in operation is China’s Huaneng CCUS project which commenced operation on 29 September 2025. Norway’s Brevik CCUS which is